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[정보통신공학] Transmission Media (2)Major/Data and Computer Communications 2022. 4. 27. 00:16
앞 포스팅에서 guided 의 전송 특성, twist pair 까지 알아보았다
이번 포스팅에서 guided의 나머지 예들에 대해 알아보자(2) Coaxial Cable
- 안쪽 conductor는 고체 금속, 바깥쪽 conductor는 땋은 shield로 되어있다
- 안쪽 conductor와 바깥쪽 conductor 사이에 plastic insulation으로 분리되어있다
- Diameter: 1 to 2.5 cm• twist pair 보다 전반적으로 성능이 우수하다
• Used over longer distances and support more stations on a shared line than twisted pair* 성능 & 가격
fiber optic > coaxial cable > twisted pairspeed & throughput (처리량) maximum cable length media & connector size cost fast enough medium medium inexpensive
Coaxial cable - Applications: Television distribution (케이블 tv)
: Long distance telephone transmission
> Can carry over 10,000 voice calls simultaneously
> Being replaced by fiber optic (광섬유) → 광섬유보다는 성능 떨어짐
: Short distance computer system links
: Local area networks (LAN)Coaxial Cable - Transmission Characteristics (전송 특성)
• twisted pair 보다 방해(interface)나 혼선(crosstalk)에 덜 예민
• Analog 와 Digital 모두에서 사용 가능하다
• Analog
: Amplifiers needed every few kms
: Closer spacing required for higher frequencies
: Up to 500MHz
• Digital
: Repeater needed every km or so
: Closer spacing required for higher data rates(3) Optical Fiber
: 투명한 물질에 광에너지를 집어넣고 반사, 굴절을 이용하여 데이터를 전송
: 중심부에는 굴절률이 높은 유리, 바깥 부분은 굴절률이 낮은 유리를 사용하여 중심부 유리를 통과하는 빛이 전반사가 일어나도록 한 광학적 섬유이다. 에너지 손실이 매우 적어 송수신하는 데이터의 손실률도 낮고 외부의 영향을 거의 받지 않는다는 장점이 있다.
- cladding은 core와 유리재질이 다르다
- Diameter: 2 to 125 mm* 그림에서 볼 수 있다시피 ciritical angle 보다 각이 크게 빛이 들어와야 100% 반사되어 core 안에 모두 담겨 data가 전달된다
speed & throughput (처리량) maximum cable length media & connector size cost fastest very long tiny most expensive * 먼거리 전송 가능
* transmit (전송) & recieve (수신) 선이 각각 있다Optical Fiber - Benefits
• Greater capacity
: Data rates 다른 매체와 비교했을 때 가장 높다
• Smaller size & lighter weight
: Considerably thinner than coaxial or twisted pair cable
• Lower attenuation (신호 감쇄 ↓)
• Electromagnetic isolation (차단률 ↑)
: 방해, 혼선, 소음 등에 취약하지 않다 / Not vulnerable to interference, impulse noise, or crosstalk
: 보안성이 좋다 / High degree of security from eavesdropping(도청)
• Greater repeater spacing
: 10s/100s of kms
: 적은 repeater - 가격 저렴, 에러 발생 source 저하 - 성능 ↑
Fewer repeaters mean lower cost and fewer sources of error - Performance ↑Optical Fiber - Applications (응용)
• Long-haul trunks 장거리 전화선
: Average about 1,500 km in length * 넓은 범위 수용 가능하다!
: 20,000 to 60,000 voice channels
• Metropolitan trunks 도시
: Average length of 12 km
: 100,000 voice channels in a trunk group
• Rural exchange trunks
: Range from 40 to 160 km
: Fewer than 5,000 voice channels
• Subscriber loops
• LANsOptical Communication
Optical Fiber - Transmission Characteristics (전송 특성)
• 전반사 사용 / Use total internal reflection to transmit light
: Act as waveguide for frequency range of 1014 to 1015 Hz
: 적외선~가시광선 사이 범위를 커버한다
• Types of light source
: 전압이 주어졌을 때 빛을 내는 반도체
: Light Emitting Diode (LED)
> Cheaper
> 넓은 온도 범위
> Last longer
: Injection Laser Diode (ILD) - higher caulity
> More efficient
> Greater data rates
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM 테이블에 의해 전달되는 light는 상품이 아닌 파장이 된다)Optical Fiber Transmission Modes
(a) step-index multimode
- core 두껍다
- 낮은 퀄리티. 짧은 거리를 전달한다 (high quality를 원하면 적합하지않다)(b) Graded-index multimode
- step-index 보다는 high quality
(c) single mode
- 셋 중에 제일 high quality
Data Rate and Bandwidth
• Signal usually made up of many frequencies
• The spectrum of a signal is the range of frequencies that it contains (스펙트럼 = frequencies의 범위)
• Bandwidth of a signal is the width of the range of frequencies that comprises the signal
• (Effective) bandwidth is the relatively narrow band of frequencies that contain most of the energy in signal
• This limits the data rate that can be carriedChannel Capacity
• Data rate
: In bits per second (bps)
: Rate at which data can be communicated (데이터가 통신되어질수 있는 양(률))
• Bandwidth
: In cycles per second, or Hertz
: Constrained by transmitter and mediumTransmission Impairments (전송 장애)
• Signal received may differ from signal transmitted (수신된 신호와 전송된 신호가 다를 수 있다)
• Analog - degradation of signal quality (신호 품질 저하)
• Digital - bit errors
• Caused by
: Attenuation and attenuation distortion
: Delay distortion
: NoiseAttenuation (신호 감쇄)
• Signal strength falls off with distance (거리가 멀어질수록 신호 약해짐)
• Depends on medium (매질에 의존적)
• Received signal strength
: must be enough to be detected
: must be sufficiently higher than noise to be received without error (에러없이 받아진 noise보다 더 큰 level로 유지해야한다)
• Attenuation is an increasing function of frequencyDelay Distortion
• Only in guided media
• Propagation velocity varies with frequency
• Various frequency components of a signal will arrive at the receiver at different times
=> result in phase shifts between the different frequenciesNoise
• 송신-수신 사이에 추가 신호가 삽입
• Thermal (열)
: Due to thermal agitation of electrons (전자의 열운동으로 인한)
: Uniformly distributed
: White noise
• Intermodulation (상호변종)
: Produce signals that are the sum, difference or multiples of original frequencies sharing a medium
(주파수의 신호가 서로의 medium을 공유할 때 발생한다)
• Crosstalk
: A signal from one line is picked up by another (다른 선에 의해 수신)
• Impulse (순간적으로 발생하는 noise)
: Noncontinuous noise consisting of irregular pulses or spikes of short duration and relatively high amplitude
: e.g. External electromagnetic disturbances
: Analog data: only a minor annoyance Digital data: primary source of errorex) 10 Mbps 이고 1msec noise가 발생할 때 얼마나 많은 비트에 영향을 미칠까?
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